[David Herbert]

Dave,
The thing right in the middle of the above picture is almost universally called a "transfer box" in all wheel drive vehicles except in modern articulated loading shovels (and possibly some marine installations) where it is called a "drop box" as it's primary function is to lower the drive-line.
A transfer box can be bolted directly to the back of the gearbox / transmission as in jeeps etc, or be separate as in most trucks.

Also, to be pedantic the pulleys or sheaves are PART OF the fairlead assembly. The front fairlead has a pair of vertical rollers just behind the two horizontal rollers so that sideways loads can be taken. These are just visible in your post #16 middle photo. The use of pulleys at the rear is simply to allow for greater angles without damaging the rope by bending it too sharply.

Great work though, please keep posting.

David